CHAPTER 2: INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD

Figure 1: Child mortality rates by Indigenous status: NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT combined, 1998 to 2018

A line graph from 1998 to 2018 that shows Indigenous and non-Indigenous mortality rates over time. It plots Indigenous mortality rates against the target rate that is required to meet the target in 2018

It shows a declining trend for child mortality for both groups from 1998 and that Indigenous child mortality rates are higher than non-Indigenous child mortality rates. Variability bands provide a range within which Indigenous rates are considered on track. 2013 and 2015 data for Indigenous child mortality are outside the Indigenous variability bands.

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Figure 2: Child mortality rates (0-4 years) by Indigenous status: NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT, 2011-2015

It shows higher child mortality rates for Indigenous Australians than for non-Indigenous Australians nationally and in the states and territories plotted for which data are published.

From 2011 to 2015 there were 165 child deaths per 100,000 people for Indigenous Australians and 80 for non-Indigenous Australians.

In NSW, child deaths per 100,000 population for Indigenous Australians was 111 and for non-Indigenous Australians was 81.

In Queensland, child deaths per 100,000 population for Indigenous Australians was 163 and for non-Indigenous Australians was 97.

In Western Australia, child deaths per 100,000 population for Indigenous Australians was 189 and for non-Indigenous Australians was 54.

In South Australia, child deaths per 100,000 population for Indigenous Australians was 167 and for non-Indigenous Australians was 69.

In the Northern Territory, child deaths per 100,000 population for Indigenous Australians was the highest for all states and territories at 333 and for non-Indigenous Australians was 93.

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Figure 3: Enrolment in early childhood education in the year before full-time school, by Indigenous status and state/territory, 2015 (per cent)

A bar graph compares the percentage of enrolment in early childhood education in the year before school for Indigenous and non-Indigenous children, for each state and territory in 2015.

It shows that nationally, 87 per cent of Indigenous children are enrolled in early childhood education in the year before full-time school compared to 98 per cent of non-Indigenous children.

For NSW, 77 per cent of Indigenous children are enrolled and 85 per cent of non-Indigenous children are enrolled

For Victoria, 94 per cent of Indigenous children are enrolled and 100 per cent of non-Indigenous children are enrolled.

For Queensland, 85 per cent of Indigenous children are enrolled and 100 per cent of non-Indigenous children are enrolled.

In South Australia, Western Australia and the ACT 100 per cent of Indigenous children are enrolled and 100 per cent of non-Indigenous children are enrolled.

In Tasmania, 94 per cent of Indigenous children are enrolled and 100 per cent of non-Indigenous children are enrolled.

In the Northern Territory, 84 per cent of Indigenous children are enrolled and 100 per cent of non-Indigenous children are enrolled.

Go back to chapter 2.

CHAPTER 3: EDUCATION

Figure 6: Indigenous student attendance rates (per cent) Year 1 to 10 combined, by state/territory, Semester 1, 2014 and 2016

A bar graph compares the Indigenous student attendance rates in Semester 1 2014 to Semester 1 2016, by state and territory.

It shows very small differences between 2014 and 2016 for every state and territory.

Nationally, in 2014 the attendance rate was 83.5 per cent and in 2016 was 83.4 per cent.

For NSW, in 2014 the attendance rate was 87.5 per cent and in 2016 was 86.8 per cent.

For Victoria, in 2014 the attendance rate was 86.8 per cent and in 2016 was 87.1 per cent.

For Queensland, in 2014 the attendance rate was 85.2 per cent and in 2016 was 85.6 per cent.

In South Australia, in 2014 the attendance rate was 81.1 per cent and remained the same in 2016.

In Western Australia, in 2014 the attendance rate was 77.4 per cent and in 2016 was 76.6 per cent.

In Tasmania, in 2014 the attendance rate was 88.5 per cent and in 2016 was 88.2 per cent.

In the Northern Territory, in 2014 the attendance rate was 70.2 per cent and in 2016 was 68.6 per cent.

In the ACT in 2014 the attendance rate was 85.2 per cent and in 2016 was 85.4 per cent. 

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Table 1: NAPLAN measures (on tack/not on track), by state/territory, 2016

Table showing that NAPLAN measures in 2016 for reading are on track for Year 3 in New South Wales, Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT; for Year 5 in Victoria, South Australia and the ACT; for Year 7 in South Australia and the ACT; and for Year 9 in Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia and the ACT. It also shows that NAPLAN measures in 2016 for numeracy are on track for Year 3 in Tasmania and the ACT; for Year 5 in Victoria, Tasmania and the ACT; for Year 7 in South Australia and the ACT; and for Year 9 in all states and territories except the Northern Territory. Nationally, Year 9 numeracy is on track.

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Figure 12: Proportion of Indigenous 20-24 year olds with Year 12 or equivalent attainment, by state/territory, 2008 and 2014-155

A bar graph compares the proportion of Indigenous 20-24 year olds with Year 12 or equivalent attainment in 2008 and 2014-5, for major cities, inner regional, outer regional, remote and very remote locations.

It shows greater attainment across all locations between 2008 and 2014-15.

In very remote locations, 41.7 per cent of Indigenous 20-24 year-olds attained Year 12 or equivalent in 2014-15, compared to 24.1 per cent in 2008.

In remote locations, 41.7 per cent of Indigenous 20-24 year-olds attained Year 12 or equivalent in 2014-15, compared to 36.2 per cent in 2008.

In outer regional locations, 66.3 per cent of Indigenous 20-24 year-olds attained Year 12 or equivalent in 2014-15, compared to 43.2 per cent in 2008.

For inner regional locations, 69.4 per cent of Indigenous 20-24 year-olds attained Year 12 or equivalent in 2014-15, compared to 53.8 per cent in 2008.

In major cities, 63.1 per cent of Indigenous 20-24 year-olds attained Year 12 or equivalent in 2014-15, compared to 55.8 per cent in 2008.

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CHAPTER 4: EMPLOYMENT

Figure 13: Indigenous working age (15-64) employment rates, 1994 to 2014-15 (per cent)

Bar graph shows employment rates for Indigenous people aged between 15 and 64, from 1994 to 2014-15 and compares total employment with CDEP employment and non-CDEP employment.

It shows declining CDEP employment from its peak in 2002 (12.7 per cent).

In 1994, total employment for Indigenous people aged 15 to 64 was 37.6 per cent. The non-CDEP employment rate was 29.1 per cent and the CDEP employment rate was 8.5 per cent.

In 2002, total employment for Indigenous people aged 15 to 64 was 48.2 per cent. The non-CDEP employment rate was 35.5 per cent and the CDEP employment rate was 12.7 per cent.

In 2008, total employment for Indigenous people aged 15 to 64 was 53.8 per cent The non-CDEP employment rate was 48.2 per cent and the CDEP employment rate was 5.6 per cent.

In 2012-13, total employment for Indigenous people aged 15 to 64 was 47.5 per cent. The non-CDEP employment rate was 45.6 per cent and the CDEP employment rate was 1.9 per cent.

In 2014-15, total employment for Indigenous people aged 15 to 64 was 48.4 per cent and there is no comparison with CDEP as the number of CDEP participants by this time was negligible and data not collected.

Go back to chapter 4.

Figure 14: Indigenous working age (15-64) employment rates, by state/territory, 2008 and 2014-15 (per cent)

Bar graph shows employment rates for Indigenous people aged between 15 and 64 for each state and territory, and compares 2008 total and non-CDEP employment with total employment rate in 2014-15.

Broadly, it shows declining employment between 2008 and 2014-15 in Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, Tasmania and the ACT.

For NSW, in 2014-15 total employment was 53.1 per cent. In 2008 total employment was 47.3 per cent and non-CDEP employment was 45.4 percent.

For Victoria, in 2014-15 total employment was 52.7 per cent. In 2008 total employment was 55.1 per cent and non-CDEP employment was 54.6 percent.

For Queensland, in 2014-15 total employment was 49.6 per cent. In 2008 total employment was 59.5 per cent and non-CDEP employment was 55.4 percent.

For South Australia, in 2014-15 total employment was 46.6 per cent. In 2008 total employment was 51.7 per cent and non-CDEP employment was 46.5 percent.

For Western Australia, in 2014-15 total employment was 39.5 per cent. In 2008 total employment was 56.3 per cent and non-CDEP employment was 46.1 percent.

For Tasmania, in 2014-15 total employment was 54.4 per cent. In 2008 total employment was 59.6 per cent and non-CDEP employment was 59.3 percent.

For the Northern Territory, in 2014-15 total employment was 36.7 per cent. In 2008 total employment was 50.8 per cent and non-CDEP employment was 33.4 percent.

For the ACT, in 2014-15 total employment was 62.9 per cent. In 2008 total employment was 72.1 per cent and non-CDEP employment was 72.1 percent.

Go back to chapter 4.

CHAPTER 6: HEALTHY OUTCOMES

Figure 22: Overall mortality rates by Indigenous status: NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT combined 1998 to 2031 (age standardised)

A line graph from 1998 to 2031 that shows Indigenous and non-Indigenous mortality rates over time. It plots Indigenous mortality rates against the target rate that is required to meet the Closing the Gap target in 2031.

It shows that the Indigenous mortality rate has declined since 1998 but there is no significant change between 2006 and 2015. The Indigenous rate is not within the range required to meet the target. It shows the non-Indigenous mortality rate over the long-term has declined.

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Figure 24: Rate per 1,000 persons receiving Medicare Benefits Schedule health assessments, by age group, Indigenous Australians, 2006-07 to 201-16

A line graph that tracks Medicare claims by Indigenous Australians per 1,000 population for three age groups: 0-14 years; 15-54 years and 55 years and over.

It shows that from 2007 to 2016, claims have increased for all age groups, and the 55 years and over age group has made more claims than the other groups.

Go back to chapter 6.